Before the Republic of Indonesia became independent, Yogyakarta was an area that had its own government or called Zelfbestuurlandschappen / Self-supporting Area, namely Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate & Pakualaman Duchy. Prince Mangkubumi with the title Sultan Hamengku Buwono I founded the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate in 1755, and Prince Notokusumo or brother of Sultan Hamengku Buwono II, who was Duke of Paku Alam I founded the Pakualaman Duchy in 1813. The Dutch East Indies government recognized the Sultanate & Pakualaman as a governing authority his own household stated in a political contract. The last political contract of the Sultanate was listed in Staatsblaad 1942 Number 47, while the political contract of Pakualaman in Staatsblaad 1941 Number 577. The international world recognized the existence of these two kingdoms, both during the Dutch, British and Japanese colonies. When Japan left Indonesia, the two kingdoms were ready to become an independent country, complete with a system of government (original structure), territory, and population.
Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX & Sri Paku Alam VIII stated to the President of the Republic of Indonesia, that the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, and the Pakualaman Region became the territory of the Republic of Indonesia and merged into a unit which was declared a Special Region of Yogyakarta after the Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Indonesia. Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX & Sri Paku Alam VIII as Regional Heads & Deputy Regional Heads who are directly responsible to the President of the Republic of Indonesia. This is stated in:
- The variety of positions of Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX & Sri Paku Alam VIII on August 19, 1945 from the President of the Republic of Indonesia.
- Amanat Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX & Sri Paku Alam VIII on September 5, 1945 which was made separately.
- Amanat Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX & Sri Paku Alam VIII on October 30, 1945 made in one manuscript.
In the course of history, then the position of the Special Region of Yogyakarta as an Autonomous Region at the provincial level is in accordance with the intent of Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution which prior to the amendment and regulated by Law No. 22 of 1948 concerning the Basic Law on Regional Government. As a follow up then the Special Region of Yogyakarta was formed with Law No. 3 of 1950 concerning the Establishment of the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Government Regulation No. 31 of 1950 as amended, and also added with Law No. 9 of 1955 or State Gazette of 1959 Number 71, and an additional State Gazette Number 1819 which is still valid. In the law it was stated that the Special Region of Yogyakarta covers the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate & Pakualaman Duchy Region.
In the history of the struggle to defend the independence of the Republic of Indonesia (RI), the Special Region of Yogyakarta has a very important role. This was proven on January 4, 1946 until December 27, 1949 DIY was once the Capital of the Republic of Indonesia.
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